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The United States Department of State, for instance, opened the Migrant Smuggling and Trafficking in Persons Coordination Center in December 2000, even while acknowledging, "at their core . . . these related problems are distinct."45 The US government nevertheless justified combining the two issues by pointing out that "these related problems result in massive human tragedy and affect our national security, primarily with respect to crime, health and welfare, and border control."46 By way of another example, the Canadian government supported a study jointly reviewing both smuggling and trafficking, even while pointing out the tiffany pendant distinctions between the two.47 The study was justified under the premise that "as human smuggling and trafficking are increasing, the tightening of border controls has taken on a new urgency from the fear of terrorism in the West, as well as restrictive measures placed on irregular migratory movements."48

Smuggling involves delivering persons to the country they wish to enter, initiated by the potential migrant. Smuggling often takes place under horrible and possibly life threatening conditions, but smuggled persons are left to their own devices upon delivery. Smuggling is not as lucrative for the perpetrators, as smugglers usually make only a short-term profit on the act of moving a person, while traffickers regard people as highly profitable, reusable, re-sellable, and expendable commodities.49In order for anti-trafficking initiatives to be effective, politicians must make the eradication of trafficking and the protection of tiffany ring persons into a prioritized goal, distinct from the elimination of smuggling or the tightening of border controls.

Not surprisingly, the European Union and the United States, among other institutions and governments, are conditioning financial assistance50 and entry into the European Union on the country's willingness to develop legislation curtailing trafficking within and across its borders51. Countries set to enter the European Union in 2004(52) are eager to pass legislation recommended by the European Union and the Council of Europe (CoE), and join working groups that address stemming the flow of trafficking and smuggling.53

Passing recommended legislation and making real efforts to stem the flow of trafficking, however, are often two different things. When countries simply adopt legislation in order to secure entry into the European Union or to meet financial assistance requirements, there is no real ownership or commitment to eradicating trafficking. The legislation, no matter how meticulously in conformity with international standards, will not be fully or atlas jewelry implemented at the local level without serious political willMany countries have now finally adopted some domestic legislation addressing trafficking, and most have eradicated earlier laws that punished trafficked persons for immigration or prostitution offenses.54 This section points out reasons no current laws are very effective in the fight to eradicate trafficking.

A piece of legislation is useful to trafficked persons and threatening to violators only if it is implemented and known by the traffickers to be fully in force. No matter how great the economic or political pressure applied by the European Union or the United States to encourage cushion jewelry to introduce legislation to prosecute traffickers, no incentive can create the political will to implement legislation if such will or ability does not exist or is not prioritized.56In Bosnia, for example, UNMIBH reported that of sixty-three cases brought against traffickers in 2000, only three were successfully prosecuted.57 Of those three, the defendants were all tried on charges related to prostitution, not trafficking. According to the HRW REPORT, all of the thirty-six cases brought involved charges related to prostitution and not trafficking-not just the three successful ones.58 In one of the three cases, three trafficked women and two brothel owners were arrested in a raid. Although the defendants admitted that they had purchased the women for prices ranging between $592 and $1162, the court convicted the three women for prostitution and dropped the charges against the male defendants.59

Coordination among responsible agencies to implement the law is often elsa peretti jewelry in the best of circumstances, further obstructing implementation.60 Meetings are held at the highest levels and those in attendance come away full of self-congratulations that plans are being made and laws adopted. Yet out in the community, brothels are raided and no screening is done for victims of trafficking; victims identify themselves to police and face prosecution;61 traffickers supply false passports to border police,62 and the girls and traffickers are waived through.